By engineering the point-spread function (PSF) of single molecules, different fluorophore species can be imaged simultaneously and distinguished by their unique PSF patterns. Here, we insert a silicon-dioxide phase plate at the Fourier plane of the detection path of a wide-field fluorescence microscope to produce distinguishable PSFs (X-PSFs) at different wavelengths. We demonstrate that the resulting PSFs can be localized spatially and spectrally using a maximum-likelihood estimation algorithm and can be utilized for hyper-spectral super-resolution microscopy of biological samples. We produced superresolution images of fixed U2OS cells using X-PSFs for dSTORM imaging with simultaneous illumination of up to three fluorophore species. The species were distinguished only by the PSF pattern. We achieved ∼21-nm lateral localization precision (FWHM) and ∼17-nm axial precision (FWHM) with an average of 1,800 - 3,500 photons per PSF and a background as high as 130 - 400 photons per pixel. The modified PSF distinguished fluorescent probes with ∼80 nm separation between spectral peaks.
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Kigner, Orrin ; Meem, Monjurul ; Baker, Brian ; Banerji, Sourangsu ; Hon, Philip W. C. ; Sensale-Rodriguez, Berardi ; Menon, Rajesh ( , Optics Letters)
We designed, fabricated, and characterized a flat multi-level diffractive lens comprised of only silicon with
, focal , numerical aperture of 0.371, and operating over the long-wave infrared (LWIR) to 14 µm. We experimentally demonstrated a field of view of 46°, depth of focus , and wavelength-averaged Strehl ratio of 0.46. All of these metrics were comparable to those of a conventional refractive lens. The active device thickness is only 8 µm, and its weight (including the silicon substrate) is less than 0.2 g. -
Baker, Brian ; Li, Andy C. Y. ; Irons, Nicholas ; Earnest, Nathan ; Koch, Jens ( , Physical Review A)